Supporting Sources

The following sources support the science, planning context, and recommendations presented throughout the 2024 NAWMP Update.

Alisauskas, R.T., T.W. Arnold, J.O. Leafloor, D.L. Otis and J.S. Sedinger. 2013. Lincoln estimates of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) abundance in North America. Ecology and Evolution 4:132–143.

Amundson, C.L., M.R. Pieron, T.W. Arnold and L.A. Beaudoin. 2013. The effects of predator removal on mallard population change in northeastern North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 77:143–152.

Arnold, T.W., R.G. Clark, D.N. Koons and M. Schaub. 2017. Integrated population models facilitate ecological understanding and improved management decisions. Journal of Wildlife Management 82:266–274.

Badzinski, S.S., K. Ross, S. Meyer, K.F. Abraham, R.W. Brook, R.C. Cotter, F. Bolduc, C. Lepage, and S. Earsom. 2013. SDJV Project #82. James and Hudson Bays Molting Black Scoter Survey. Annual project summary for endorsed Sea Duck Joint Venture project. seaduckjv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/SDJV-PR82-Badzinski-annrpt-FY13.pdf.

Berl, R.W.W., P.K. Devers, G.S. Boomer and M.C. Runge. 2023. Update on efforts to integrate human dimensions into the waterfowl harvest regulatory process. Page 22 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Harvest Management Working Group report. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.

Cole, N. 2022. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Survey Regional Profile: Southeast Region. U.S. Geological Survey unpublished report. 92 pp.

Coluccy, J.M., T. Yerkes, R. Simpson, J.W. Simpson, L.A. Armstrong and J. Davis. 2008. Dynamics of breeding mallards in the Great Lakes States. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1181–1187.

Devers, P.K., A.J. Roberts, S. Knoche, P.I. Padding and R. Raftovich. 2017. Incorporating human dimensions objectives into waterfowl habitat planning and delivery. Wildlife Society Bulletin 41:405–415.

de Zwaan, D.R., A. Huang, C.H. Fox, D.W. Bradley and D.M. Ethier. 2024. Occupancy trends of overwintering coastal waterbird communities reveal guild-specific patterns of redistribution and shifting reliance on existing protected areas. Global Change Biology. doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17178.

Ducks Unlimited de Mexico. 2024. Human dimensions. dumac.org/en/dimensiones-humanas/.

Environment Canada. 2007. Management plan for the harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) eastern population, in Atlantic Canada and Québec [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON. vii + 32 pp.

Fields, S., and K. Barnes. 2019. Grassland assessment of North American Great Plains Migratory Bird Joint Ventures. ppjv.org/assets/docs/Great_Plains_Grassland_Assessment_Final_Report.pdf.

Fleming, K.K., M.G. Brasher, D.D. Humburg, M.J. Petrie and G.J. Soulliere. 2017. Derivation of regional, non-breeding duck population abundance objectives to inform conservation planning. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Science Support Team Technical Report 2017-01. 32 pp.

Fleming, K.K., M.K. Mitchell, M.G. Brasher, J.M. Coluccy, J.D. James, M.J. Petrie, D.D. Humburg and G.J. Soulliere. 2019. Derivation of regional, non-breeding duck population abundance objectives to inform conservation planning—2019 Revision. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Science Support Team Technical Report 2019–01. 44 pp.

Flint, P.L., J.B. Grand, T.F. Fondell and J.A. Morse. 2006. Population dynamics of greater scaup breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 162:1–22.

Gutowsky, S.E., G.J. Robertson, M.L. Mallory, N.R. McLellan and S.G. Gilliland. 2023. Redistribution of wintering American common eiders (Somateria mollisima dresseri). Avian Conservation and Ecology 18(2):8. doi.org/10.5751/ACE-02510-180208.

Gutowsky, S.E., G.J. Robertson, M.L. Mallory, N.R. McLellan, S.G. Gilliland, J. Paquet, A.A. d'Entremont and R.A Ronconi. 2022. Increased abundance and range expansion of harlequin ducks Histrionicus histrionicus wintering in Eastern Canada. Endangered Species Research 49:187–198. doi.org/10.3354/esr01213.

Hagy, H.M., S.C. Yaich, J.W. Simpson, E. Carrera, D.A. Haukos, W.C. Johnson, C.R. Loesch, F.A Reid, S.E. Stephens, R.W. Tiner, B.A. Werner and G.S. Yarris. 2014. Wetland issues affecting waterfowl conservation in North America. Wildfowl, Special Issue 4:343–367.

Herbert, E. 2023. Building data-driven partnerships to accelerate wetland conservation to benefit wildlife and people. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Webinar Series. www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKHTH6pdM8U.

Hoekman, S.T., L.S. Mills, D.W. Howerter, J.H. Devries and I.J. Ball. 2002. Sensitivity analyses of the life cycle of midcontinent mallards. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:883–900.

Howerter, D.W., M.G. Anderson, J.H. Devries, B.L. Joynt, L.M. Armstrong, R.B. Emery and T.W. Arnold. 2014. Variation in mallard vital rates in Canadian aspen parklands: The Prairie Habitat Joint Venture assessment. Wildlife Monographs 188:1–37.

Howerter, D.W., M. Anderson, D. Eggeman, K. Fleming, D. Smith, M. Vrtiska, B. Wilson, B. Avers, K. Bianchini, M. Brasher, A. Don Carlos, A. Glick, D Gordon, A. Gramza, H. Hagy, A. Hanson, H. Harshaw, K. Hick, J. Lancaster, J. Leafloor, K. Mazur, J. Messerli, S. Meyer, J. Moon, E. Reed, A. Roberts, K. Sainsbury, E. Silverman, J. Scott, S. Stephens, J. Vest and C. White. 2024. Technical report in support of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan 2024 Update. nawmp.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/combined-2024-nawmp-technical-report-4-4-24.pdf.

Janke, A., and M. Shannon. 2023. Exploring the intersections between wetlands, water quality, and waterbird conservation in Iowa's agricultural landscapes. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Webinar Series. www.youtube.com/watch?v=juwRXYdRglQ.

Johnson, F.A. 2009. Variation in population growth rates of mottled ducks in Texas and Louisiana. U.S. Geological Survey administrative report.

Koons, D.N., G. Gunnarsson, J.A. Schmutz and J.J. Rotella. 2014. Drivers of waterfowl population dynamics: From teal to swans. Wildfowl, Special Issue 4:169–191.

Krainyk, A., J.E. Lyons, M.G. Brasher, D.D. Humburg, G.J. Souilliere, J.M. Coluccy, M.J. Petrie, D.W. Howerter, S.M. Slattery, M.B. Rice and J.C. Fuller. 2019. Spatial integration of biological and social objectives to identify priority landscapes for waterfowl habitat conservation. Open-File Report, USGS Numbered Series, U.S. Geological Survey.

Lancaster, J.D., T. Anderson, M.G. Brasher, W.C. Conway, S.J. DeMaso, J.A. Moon, K.M. Ringelman and B.C. Wilson. 2023. Gulf Coast Joint Venture mottled duck conservation plan update. Gulf Coast Joint Venture, Lafayette, LA. 75 pp. + appendices.

Lang, M.W., J.C. Ingebritsen and R.K. Griffin. 2024. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous United States 2009–2019. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 43 pp.

McGuire, R., R. Suydam, L. Quakenbush and A.N. Powell. 2019. Population trends of king and common eiders from spring migration counts at Point Barrow, Alaska between 1994 and 2016. Polar Biology 42:2065–2074. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02581-6.

Merkel, F.R., K. Lambert Johansen, R. Due Nielsen, I.K. Petersen, J. Sterup and A. Mosbech. 2019. Wintering seabirds in south-west Greenland, 2017. Polar Research 38. doi.org/10.33265/polar.v38.3462.

Merkel, F.R., A. Mosbech, D. Boertmann and L. Grøndahl. 2002. Winter seabird distribution and abundance off south-western Greenland, 1999. Polar Research 21:17–36. doi.org/10.3402/polar.v21i1.6471.

Noel, K., N. McLellan, S. Gilliland, K.A. Allard, B. Allen, S. Craik, A. Demagny, M.D. English, A. Diamond, J.-F. Giroux, A. Hanson, H.W. Heusmann, L.E. King, C. Lepage, H. Major, D. McAuley, D.E. Meattey, G.R. Milton, J. Osenkowski, A. Roberts, G.J. Robertson, M.-C. Roy, L. Savoy, K. Sullivan and M.L. Mallory. 2021. Expert opinion on American common eiders in eastern North America: International information needs for future conservation. Socio-Ecological Practice Research 3:153–166. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42532-021-00083-6.

North American Waterfowl Management Plan Committee. 2004. North American Waterfowl Management Plan: Strategic guidance–strengthening the biological foundation. U.S. Department of the Interior, Environment Canada and Environment and Natural Resources Mexico. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. nawmp.org/document/2004-strategic-guidance-strengthening-biological-foundation.

North American Waterfowl Management Plan Committee. 2012. North American Waterfowl Management Plan: People conserving waterfowl and wetlands. U.S. Department of the Interior, Environment Canada and Environment and Natural Resources Mexico. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. nawmp.org/document/2012-nawmp-plan-people-conserving-waterfowl-and-wetlands.

North American Waterfowl Management Plan Committee. 2014. Revised objectives: An addendum to the 2012 North American Waterfowl Management Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. nawmp.org/document/revised-objectives-waterfowl-conservation-planning-addendum.

North American Waterfowl Management Plan Committee. 2018. North American Waterfowl Management Plan: Connecting people, waterfowl and wetlands. U.S. Department of the Interior, Environment Canada and Environment and Natural Resources Mexico. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. nawmp.org/timeline/2018-update.

Palumbo, M.D., J.N. Straub, M.A. Al-Saffar, G.J. Soulliere, J.L. Fleener, M.T. Bergeson, J.M. Coluccy, A. Cruz, T. Finger, D.N. Fowler, B.J. Glenzinski, R.K. Griffin, S.E. Hygnstrom, G. Kidd, N.A. Miller, K. Van Horn and K. Waterstradt. 2021. Multi-scale waterfowl habitat conservation planning in Wisconsin, USA. Landscape Ecology 36:3207–3230.

Pattison-Williams, J.K., J.W. Pomeroy, P. Badiou and S. Gabor. 2018. Wetlands, flood control, and ecosystem services in the Smith Creek drainage basin: A case study in Saskatchewan, Canada. Ecological Economics 147:36–47. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800917309084.

Patton, S. 2018. National Survey of Waterfowl Hunters: Nationwide and Flyway comparisons. Report to the National Flyway Council from the Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. nawmp.org/nawmp-udpate/national-survey-waterfowl-hunters.

Playa Lakes Joint Venture. 2024. Tomorrow's water: Connecting people, playas and the Ogallala Aquifer. pljv.org/playas/tomorrows-water/.

Possingham, H.P., M. Bode and C.J. Klein. 2015. Optimal conservation outcomes require both restoration and protection. PLoS Biol 13(1): e1002052.

Rainwater Basin Joint Venture. 2024. Wetland management tools for landowners. rwbjv.org/wetland-management.

Roberts, T., J. Dooley, A. Hanson, K. Martin, K. Spragens and G. Yarris. 2023. North American Waterfowl Management Plan species prioritization—2023 revision. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Science Support Team Technical Report 2023–01. 13 pp.

Silverman, E.D., J.B. Leirness, D.T. Saalfeld, M.D. Koneff and K.D. Richkus. 2012. Atlantic Coast wintering sea duck survey, 2008–2011. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report. ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/Reference/Profile/143081.

Soulliere, G.J., M.J. Petrie, D.R. Eggeman, D.D. Humburg, M.G. Brasher, A.R. Gramza, J.C. Barnes, A.M. Bartuszevige, B.C. Wilson, K.A. Spragens and B.A. Avers. 2022. Status of integrating human dimensions into Joint Venture bird conservation planning and habitat delivery. Unified Science Team and North American Waterfowl Management Plan Science Support Team Technical Report No. 2022–02. 39 pp.

Stearns, S.C. 1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press. 264 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Action plan for Pacific common eider. Unpublished report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. catalog.northslopescience.org/dataset/2520.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Status assessment of the Alaska-breeding population of Steller's eiders. Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, Fairbanks, AK. ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/163633.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. Species status assessment for the spectacled eider. Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, Fairbanks, AK. ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/209520.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2023. Adaptive harvest management: 2024 hunting season. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. 76 pp. fws.gov/project/adaptive-harvest-management.

Vrtiska, M.P., J.A. Dubovsky and M.G. Anderson. In press. The North American trumpeter swan survey: Retain or find something new? Wildfowl.

Wilson, B.C. 2007. North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Gulf Coast Joint Venture: Mottled duck conservation plan. North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Albuquerque, NM. 27 pp. + appendices.

Wilson, H.M., P.L. Flint, A.B. Powell, J.B. Grand and C.L. Moran. 2012. Population ecology of breeding Pacific common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 182:1–28.

World Wildlife Fund. 2023. Plowprint report. files.worldwildlife.org/wwfcmsprod/files/Publication/file/6wlbsmxokc_PlowprintReport_2023_final.pdf.

Zhao, Q., T.W. Arnold, J.H. Devries, D.W. Howerter, R.G. Clark and M.D. Weegman. 2020. Using integrated population models to prioritize region-specific conservation strategies under global change. Biological Conservation 252: doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108832.

Zimmerman, G., J. Sauer, K.K. Fleming, W. Link and P.R. Garrettson. 2015. Combining waterfowl and breeding bird survey data to estimate wood duck breeding population size in the Atlantic Flyway. Journal of Wildlife Management. doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.938.