This landmark trilateral revision — signed by the environment ministers of Canada, the United States, and Mexico — updates the original 1986 North American Waterfowl Management Plan after 25 years of on-the-ground success. It celebrates the protection and restoration of 15.7 million acres (63,000 km²) of wetlands, grasslands, and other key habitats while confronting new 21st-century realities: climate change, habitat loss, shifting land-use pressures, declining hunter participation, and the need for broader public engagement.